WHO, UNICEF, WFP and UNHCR Consultation on the Dietary Management of Moderate Malnutrition in Under-5 Children, Food & Nutrition Bulletin, Vol 30, No. 3, Sept 2009 UNICEF, WHO and WFP Joint Statement on Appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding in Haiti, 2010 WHO and UNICEF Joint Statement on Child Growth Standards and the Identification of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants and Children, May 2009 WFP Guidance: Emergency Food Security Assessment (EFSA) Handbook, January 2009 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis CFSVA) Guidelines, January 2009 WHO and UNICEF Joint Statement on the Community-based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition, 2007

Emergency Nutrition

See Also: Food Aid; HIV/AIDS; Infant & Child Nutrition; Community Therapeutic Care

Emergency response is a critical program area for USAID and its partners. Inadequate food and nutrition programming make huge numbers of people vulnerable to illness and death in the short term. In the long-term, undernourished and under-stimulated populations are not equipped to fully benefit form even the best development programming, resulting in lost opportunities during the post-emergency phase. Crisis and recovery cycles impact countries to such an extent that intervention, prevention, and mitigation strategies all remain critical and increasing attention has been paid to the concept of developmental relief. Considerable gaps also persist in standardization, technical advances, and collaboration despite great strides over the past decade. These challenges include training at all levels, common methodologies and reporting mechanisms, and translation of current technical knowledge into effective practical programs in the field.

FANTA-2's emergency nutrition model promotes emergency phase interventions that build local capacity, increase community resilience, and promote a rapid return to sustainable development. Similarly, FANTA-2 emphasizes prevention and mitigation strategies so that communities are better able to cope, minimizing and containing conflict in the event of repeated shocks. Linking relief to development in practice requires greater resource integration and innovative interventions that can be replicated and scaled up. FANTA-2 works to promote a better understanding of the collection, reporting, and use of nutritional data in emergencies.

FANTA-2 collaborates with USAID's Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA) Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), Office of Food for Peace (FFP), Office of Policy, Planning and Management (PPM), the Bureau for Health, Office of Health Infectious Disease and Nutrition (HIDN), and international partners to strengthen implementation of emergency relief programming and developmental relief. FANTA-2 helps USAID Mission and PVO partners strengthen reporting for more effective emergency programming and advance USAID's goals of monitoring the nutritional status of children under five. Focus areas include strategic planning, revision and development of reporting mechanisms, and links with the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN) in the production of the Nutrition Information in Crisis Situations (formerly RNIS).

	A brief description of each publication is provided below. By choosing the publication title, you are able to read a detailed description and to download the publication.

1. Government of Sudan CMAM Training Course on Inpatient Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition: Training Materials: FANTA-2, in collaboration with national partners in Sudan, adapted and built on the World Health Organisation (WHO)'s 1999 publication Management of severe malnutrition: A manual for physicians and other senior health workers, WHO's 2002 Training course on the management of severe malnutrition, the 2009 Government of Sudan Community-Based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition manual, and other materials to develop training materials for inpatient management of SAM designed for physicians, nurses, and nutritionists in hospitals in Sudan. While the training course focuses on inpatient care, the training materials are compatible with the Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) approach and the Sudan context.

2. Report on the Review of the Integration of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition into the Ghana Health System, August/September 2010 (2011): The Severe Acute Malnutrition Support Unit (SAM SU) was established by the Ghana Health Service (GHS) to provide technical assistance countrywide as CMAM scaled up. Each region has commenced CMAM service implementation in one or two districts within a limited number of outpatient care and inpatient care sites. These sites will serve as learning sites for the region to inform gradual scale-up to other districts in the region. The SAM SU requested FANTA-2 to conduct a review of CMAM activities at the learning sites, including plans for scaling up. The objectives of the review were to assess the integration of CMAM services into the learning sites, assess learning sites’ performance, review recent plans and initiatives to scale up CMAM in Ghana, and provide recommendations for strengthening those plans.

3. Review of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition Implementation in West Africa, Summary Report (2011): This report summarizes the findings of reviews of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) in four West African countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger). The report discusses the key determinants to achieving maximum impact of CMAM integration, scale-up, and quality improvement, which are grouped in five domains: the enabling environment for CMAM, competencies for CMAM, access to CMAM services, access to CMAM supplies, and quality of CMAM. Optimal practices, a summary of findings, constraints, and practical recommendations are provided for each key determinant.

4. Household Hunger Scale (2011): FANTA-2, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Tufts University, developed the Household Hunger Scale (HHS), a field-practical method and simple tool to measure household food deprivation and compare data across cultures. The HHS can help improve geographic targeting of food insecurity interventions and monitoring and evaluation of food security policies and programs. The HHS will soon be an indicator for both the USAID Food for Peace program and Feed the Future initiative.

5. Acceptability of a Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement among Guatemalan Infants and Young Children (2011): This study assessed the acceptability of lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) among children 6–18 months of age in Suchitepéquez, Guatemala. A new flavor (cinnamon) was developed and tested alongside the “regular” peanut LNS flavor. A 2-day test-feeding trial using a cross-over design was carried out to test both LNS flavors, followed by a 2-week home-use trial. LNS was mixed with a small quantity of home-prepared complementary food. The proportion of LNS consumed by the children, and the caregivers’ organoleptic preferences and perceptions of product use were assessed. The study concluded that both LNS flavors were acceptable in this population, with a tendency toward a higher acceptability for the peanut flavor.

6. Materials for Mozambique's Nutrition Rehabilitation Program (2011): FANTA-2 was one of a group of partners that assisted the Mozambique Ministry of Health in developing national protocols, training materials, and job aids for the national Nutrition Rehabilitation Program (Programa de Reabilitação Nutricional [PRN]). The PRN is based on the Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) approach. The Manual for Nutrition Treatment and Rehabilitation, Volume I (Manual de Tratamento e Reabilitação Nutricional, Volume I) contains protocols for the treatment of acute malnutrition for children 0–15 years with or without HIV and/or tuberculosis. The manual is accompanied by job aids, which are aimed at helping implementation of inpatient and outpatient treatment. The Facilitators Training Guide and Participants Handouts are used to train health facility staff and community-based health workers. All materials are in Portuguese.

7. Anthropometry: Assessing Children Under 5 Bookmark (2011): FANTA-2 has produced a bookmark that presents clear information on the anthropometry used to assess the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age. Common definitions, cutoffs, and classifications are detailed in an easy-to-use format. This bookmark replaces the FANTA bookmarks published from 2002 through 2006, and is available in multiple languages.

8. Household Hunger Scale: A Cross-Cultural Method to Measure Household Hunger (2011): After nine years of research and testing, FANTA-2, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Tufts University, has developed the Household Hunger Scale (HHS), a field-practical method and simple tool to measure household food deprivation that allows for valid comparison across cultures. The HHS can help improve geographic targeting of food insecurity interventions and M&E of food security policies and programs. The HHS will soon become a USAID Food for Peace required indicator, as well as a Feed the Future indicator.

9. CMAM Costing Tool (2011): Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) is an innovative approach for managing acute malnutrition in children within the community that enables early detection of cases, expanded access to treatment in decentralized sites, greater community involvement and support, and extended coverage. The CMAM Costing Tool is a Microsoft Excel-based application that estimates the costs of implementing CMAM at the national, sub-national, and district levels. The Costing Tool calculates the inputs and financial resources required to establish, maintain, or expand CMAM services. This information helps managers determine whether their plans for CMAM are financially feasible, identify the resources needed, and formulate an effective implementation plan. The Costing Tool can also support the promotion and management of CMAM services. Government or NGO stakeholders in a country or region where acute malnutrition is prevalent can use the CMAM Costing Tool to plan for implementation of specific CMAM components and forecast the resources required.

10. Community Outreach for Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition in Sudan: A Review of Experiences and the Development of a Strategy (2010): CMAM works best when integrated into current activities at the national and district levels.  Assessments of current services are essential in order to create successful community outreach strategies.  This assessment report details the findings of a review of community health initiatives currently operating across the 15 states of north Sudan and supported either by the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) or by some of the major agencies that operate there. The review focuses on community health workers and/or volunteers who operate at the community level, as well as employed staff who work at the health facility level but have a defined role or responsibility at the community level as part of their jobs.

11. Situation Analysis of Nutrition in Southern Sudan: Analysis Based on June 2009 Assessment (2010): Working with the Government of Southern Sudan’s Ministry of Health and partners, FANTA-2 conducted an analysis that examined the nutrition situation in Southern Sudan and provides fourteen key recommendations to tackle major nutrition challenges there.  UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), and numerous nongovernmental organisations working in nutrition, health, and food security in Southern Sudan contributed by participating in interviews and providing documents for this nutrition situation analysis.

12. Review of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition Implementation in Burkina Faso, Mali and Mauritania (2010): With Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) incorporated into government health facilities and protocols to varying degrees in Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania and Niger, FANTA-2 undertook a review of CMAM program implementation, including institutionalization and promising practices to provide USAID's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) with a status report per country; draw lessons learned; and make recommendations on challenges, promising practices, and gaps to be addressed with OFDA support during 2010 and 2011. The review was intended for OFDA program planning purposes and also potentially as an advocacy tool to guide other donors in planning CMAM support in Mali.

13. Training Guide for Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) (2008/2010): FANTA-2 worked with partners to develop a generic Training Guide for Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM). The first version of the training guide in English was released in November 2008. While working on the French translation of the guide, FANTA-2 incorporated new WHO recommendations into the French version. Due to high demand, we are releasing the French version of the training guide while still working on updating the original English version.

14. Generic Guidelines and Job Aids for Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM), November 2010 Draft Version (2010): FANTA-2 is working with partners to create a package of Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) generic guidelines and job aids that can be adapted at the country level using national guidelines, local considerations, and WHO recommendations. The current November 2010 draft is still being reviewed and finalized, however, it is being shared due to high demand.

15. Interim National Guidelines for Community-Based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Ghana (2010): These interim guidelines are designed to be a practical guide for field implementers and policy makers, and were adapted specifically for the Ghanaian health system. All service providers, including clinicians, nurses, nutritionists, dietitians, and other health care providers involved in the management of SAM in the country, should use the guidelines for the management of SAM in both inpatient and outpatient facilities. The interim guidelines will be reviewed and finalized after 1 year as part of the process of creating the final National Guidelines for Community-Based Management of SAM in Ghana.

16. With co-funding from the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Global Nutrition Cluster (GNC), FANTA-2 and UC Davis produced Use of Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS) to Improve the Nutrient Adequacy of General Food Distribution Rations for Vulnerable Sub-groups in Emergency Settings available from the UC Davis website. The report describes the potential role of LNS in improving the nutritional quality of foods provided in emergency settings and the optimal formulation of LNS for various target groups (e.g., infants and young children, pregnant and lactating women) in this context. The report will be published as a supplement in Maternal and Child Nutrition in 2010.

17. Community-Based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition Interim Manual for Sudan, Version 1.0 (2009): This manual is intended to be used by health and nutrition managers and health care providers working at different levels of health and nutrition service provision in Sudan, as well as national training institutions and implementing partners involved in pre- or in-service training. The manual will be reviewed after 1 year, and community-based management of moderate acute malnutrition will be added to the next version of the manual to complete the overall community-based approach.

18. Alternative Sampling Designs for Emergency Settings: A Guide for Survey Planning, Data Collection and Analysis (2009): This guide provides information on three alternative sampling designs that are proven to be more time- and resource-efficient in emergency settings than the 30x30 cluster survey: the 33x6, the 67x3, and the sequential design. All three designs are hybrid designs, combining aspects of cluster sampling and analysis, with lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) analysis.

19. Interagency Review of Selective Feeding Programs in South, North and West Darfur States, Sudan, March 8 – April 10, 2008 (2009): FANTA-2's Interagency Review of Selective Feeding Programs in South, North and West Darfur States, Sudan March 8 - April 10, 2008 assesses the quality, efficacy and effectiveness of Darfur's selective feeding programs, and provides evidence-based recommendations for improvement through activities such as training technical support,and advocacy. The review covers selective feeding programs and services for both center-based and community-based management of acute malnutrition.

20. International Workshop on the Integration of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition, Workshop Report Published by the Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) (2008): The Workshop Report for the April 2008 International Workshop on the Integration of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) provides an overview of the overarching issues, obstacles and successes encountered in the integration of CMAM into national health systems. These range from the importance of Ministry of Health leadership, the need to strengthen capacities at most levels of a health system, and provide simple protocols to facilitate implementation, to the critical need for open and frequent information sharing. The report highlights presentations and discussions by international experts in CMAM, including those from USAID, UNICEF, WHO, developing country Ministries of Health and NGO-implementers.

21. Emergencies in Urban Settings: A Technical Review of Food-Based Program Options (2008): Although food assistance needs in urban and peri-urban areas are expected to require increased resources in the coming years, most experience with food-based programs is in rural areas. Against this backdrop, USAID's Office of Food for Peace Occasional Paper No. 6, Emergencies in Urban Settings: A Technical Review of Food-Based Program Options, examines 11 common food-based programs to highlight advantages, disadvantages, targeting and implementation modalities in the urban context. The paper also presents tools to help determine the most appropriate interventions and approaches for given settings.

22. Precision, Time, and Cost: A Comparison of Three Sampling Designs in an Emergency Setting (2008) An article reporting on the FANTA and SC/US field test in Sudan, "Precision, Time, and Cost: A Comparison of Three Sampling Designs in an Emergency Setting", has been published in Emerging Themes in Epidemiology.

23. Review of Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) in the Post-emergency Context: Synthesis of Lessons on Integration of CMAM into National Health Systems (2008): With Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) incorporated into government health facilities and protocols to varying degrees in Ethiopia, Malawi and Niger, USAID's FANTA Project undertook a comprehensive review of the challenges, successes and lessons learned from the experience in these three countries. The synthesis report discusses recommendations for successful and sustainable integration of CMAM, outlining specific steps donors, Ministries of Health, the UN and NGOs can take to facilitate the process and next steps needed to expand the knowledge and evidence base for CMAM integration.

24. Sudan Food Assistance Transition Study (2008): The report provides an analysis of the key issues related to food insecurity and the high rates of malnutrition in Southern Sudan and the Three Areas (Abyei, the Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile). It examines current Title II activities and recommends how to increase their impact on food security and nutrition. The study proposes possible steps for addressing food security through development of an integrated food security strategy and by leveraging Title II and Disaster Assistance funds in a complementary manner that emphasizes the multiple transitions taking place in the areas of livelihoods, education, health, nutrition, institutions and security.

25. Community-based Therapeutic Care (CTC): A Field Manual (October 2006): Community-based Therapeutic Care (CTC): A Field Manual provides program managers, practitioners, and technical specialists addressing severe acute malnutrition with the essential design, implementation and evaluation protocols for implementing the CTC approach. As the CTC model is evolving, this first edition does not provide a step-by-step workbook for implementers, but rather offers a solid foundation to build CTC programs at local and national levels. The manual is a product of a collaboration between Valid International, Concern Worldwide, USAID’s FANTA Project, and Development Cooperation Ireland. Support for FANTA for the development of CTC and the production of the manual came from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) and the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition at the U.S. Agency for International Development.

26. Food and Nutrition Bulletin Volume 27, No. 3: Proceedings of an Informal Consultation on Community-based Management of Severe Malnutrition in Children (September 2006) : A special supplement was produced by the United Nations University publication Food and Nutrition Bulletin to present the proceedings of the 2005 WHO and Standing Commitee on Nutrition (SCN)'s informal consultative meeting on community-based management of severe malnutrition in children in Geneva. With support from FANTA, the meeting brought together some 50 international experts and representatives from the World Food Program (WFP), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Red Cross, research institutions, major international non-governmental organizations, and representatives of ministries of health. The consultation agreed on guiding principles for the implementation of community-based management of severe acute malnutrition and next steps for updating global recommendations and country level health policies for the inclusion of management of severe acute malnutrition as an essential intervention towards achieving the MDGs for poverty and child mortality reduction. Next steps include the creation of field guidelines and training modules will be developed based on the general principles, conclusions, and recommendations derived from the meeting, which, if implemented on a large scale, will prevent thousands of child deaths.

27. Community Therapeutic Care Inter-Agency Meeting, February 28-March 2, 2005: FANTA collaborated with partner organizations Save the Children USA and Concern Worldwide to coordinate a three-day Inter-agency Meeting on Community Therapeutic Care (CTC) in Washington, DC. The meeting provided a forum for implementing agencies, academics, and donors to explore issues and challenges in the implementation of CTC, and to develop mechanisms to ensure quality and coordination in future CTC programs. Specifically, the meeting had two primary objectives: 1) learn from current CTC field experience to identify issues and challenges in implementation, scale up, and transitioning; and 2) establish cross-agency mechanisms for improving and ensuring the quality of CTC implementation. Sessions included presentations from a number of implementing agencies, as well as donors, and emphasized experience to date in Ethiopia, Sudan, Malawi and Bangladesh. The presentations and meeting agenda are available for download.

28. Operational Challenges of Implementing Community Therapeutic Care (2005): This 2005 Field Exchange Special Supplement of the Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) summarizes key elements of the presentations and discussions that emerged from the Inter-Agency Workshop on Community Therapeutic Care (CTC) held in March 2005. The workshop, held in Washington, DC, was a follow-up to a meeting held in Dublin in October 2004. Community Therapeutic Care (CTC), a community-based approach for managing large numbers of acutely malnourished people, is gaining attention as a viable alternative to the traditional therapeutic feeding centers (TFCs). First implemented in 2000 in Ethiopia, CTC programs have reached their five-year mark, with efforts now focusing on integrating the approach into national protocols for treating severely malnourished people. In response to the growing numbers of agencies and Ministries of Health implementing CTC, a consortium of U.S. NGOs, the FANTA Project, Concern Worldwide, Save the Children U.S., and Valid International organized a workshop to identify issues and challenges in implementation, integration and scaling up of CTC programming, and discuss mechanisms to ensure quality control over CTC programming. Participants included representatives of a broad cross-section of organizations including U.S. and European NGOs, USAID, the Ethiopian and Malawian Ministries of Health, the World Health Organization and academia, as well as the private sector.

29. Community-based Therapeutic Care (CTC) (2004): The Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) has published Community-based Therapeutic Care (CTC), a special supplement to the November 2004 issue of ENN's Field Exchange. The supplement is a collection of articles that provide a wide range of evidence-based perspectives from people who have been involved in CTC programs over the last four years. Specifically, the articles present the impact and effectiveness of the CTC model in different contexts through lessons learned from case studies in Ethiopia, Malawi and North and South Sudan. Additionally, the CTC program has included substantial research on the development of locally produced Ready to Use Therapeutic Food to reduce costs of the program and increase sustainability. More recent work has focused on adapting the CTC approach for the care of HIV infected individuals.

30. Technical Note No. 8, Community Therapeutic Care (CTC): A new approach to managing acute malnutrition in emergencies and beyond (2004): Community Therapeutic Care (CTC) is a new approach to managing acute malnutrition in emergencies and beyond. Conceived by Valid International, CTC seeks to address some of the challenges that traditional center-based approaches face. It aims to provide rapid, effective, low cost assistance that is least disruptive to affected communities and builds a foundation to link relief and development interventions for long-term solutions to food insecurity and threats to public health. CTC aims to treat the majority of the severely malnourished at home, build local capacity to better manage care of acutely malnourished children, and address repeated cycles of relief and recovery. This technical note responds to the frequently asked questions associated with CTC. It describes the CTC approach, implementation, and the role of Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF). It summarizes results to date and outlines ongoing and planned activities.

31. Treating the Severely Malnourished: The Community Therapeutic Care (CTC) Approach (2004): Community Therapeutic Care (CTC) is a community-based approach of care for managing large numbers of acutely malnourished people in times of stress. The CTC approach treats the majority of the severely malnourished at home and uses outreach teams to promote community participation and behavioral change. CTC aims to build community capacity to manage and to better respond to repeated cycles of relief and recovery. Providing appropriate therapeutic foods containing the right mix of nutrients that will aid in recuperation is central to the home-based care of the severely malnourished. Ready to use therapeutic foods (RUTF) have been specially designed for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition. RUTF can be manufactured locally thereby increasing availability and reducing costs.

32. Community Therapeutic Care Workshop in Dublin (October 2003): FANTA collaborated with partner organizations Concern Worldwide and Valid International to coordinate a workshop in Dublin, Ireland, from October 8 to 10, focusing on the Community Therapeutic Care (CTC) approach. CTC is a community-based approach for treating acutely malnourished people in times of stress, providing fast, effective, low-cost assistance. FANTA provides technical assistance and supports monitoring of the program in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Malawi with funds from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) of USAID's Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance, and the Office of Health, Infectious Disease and Nutrition (HIDN) of USAID's Bureau for Global Health. The workshop brought together approximately 70 key players in severe malnutrition management including program implementers, technical advisors, academics, bilateral donors and multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations World Food Program (WFP).

33. Tajikistan Food Aid Review (2003): A USAID Food for Peace team assessed the implications of the potential close-out of USDA's food programs in Tajikistan and recommended appropriate uses of food aid, including Title II resources. The Tajikistan Food Aid Review identifies the underlying causes of high reported rates of chronic and acute malnutrition; key factors that support and constrain food availability and access; whether current food aid programming is responding appropriately to the current situation and is still recommended; and key constraints in implementing food security and food aid programs.

34. Caring for Severely Malnourished Children (2003): Many severely malnourished children still die unnecessarily due to inadequate in-patient care. This new book, supported by FANTA with funding from USAID's Bureau for Global Health and published by TALC (Teaching Aids at Low Cost), describes the ten treatment steps needed to manage these children successfully. It is based on guidelines developed by the World Health Organization and on training modules prepared for nurses in Africa. It takes into account the limited resources in many hospitals and health centers, and the fact that many malnourished children are also HIV positive. It is a suitable manual for nurses and other pediatric health workers in developing countries, for their trainers and supervisors, and for those working in emergency situations and is available from TALC.

35. A Review of the Advances and Challenges in Nutrition in Conflicts and Crises over the Last 20 Years (2002): The main purpose of this paper is to assess the principal advances made over the past years in nutrition in conflicts and crises and to propose direction for further advances in the field. The term ‘advances’ refers to developments in technical knowledge and nutrition policy and practice. The Project Cycle Management is used as a framework for presenting these advances and the challenges that remain. It is hoped that this will contribute to the development of a plan of action for the international community that will accelerate the pace of advances in the field of emergency nutrition: advances that will lead to significant improvements in relieving the suffering, death and degradation of disaster-affected communities. The first step in this process would be a plan of action developed through the collaboration of bilateral agencies, UN Agencies, and NGOs through the UN ACC/Sub-Committee on Nutrition.

36. Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) Workshop (July 2002): Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) is a U.S. inter-agency global initiative to improve the reporting, monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian assistance interventions. This initiative aims to provide implementing partners and the broader humanitarian community with a range of tools to support humanitarian program assessment. In July 2002, the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (FANTA), with funding from USAID, organized and conducted a workshop on Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transition -- the SMART Technical Working Sessions. For the first time, U.S., Canadian, and European private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations, academia and donors met to review and resolve problems of using assessment tools and methodologies in emergency situations.

*Please note that links to these sites do not imply that FANTA supports either the organization listed or the views and content presented.

Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance [http://www.coe-dmha.org]
The Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance supports disaster relief and humanitarian assistance through research, education and training with a focus on civil and military cooperation in the Asia Pacific region. Daily reports on disaster management and assistance and links to publications and training programs are provided.

Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) [http://www.ennonline.net]
The Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) aims to improve the effectiveness of emergency food and nutrition interventions by providing a forum for the exchange of field level experiences and current research between staff, academics, researchers and organizations working in the food and nutrition sector in emergencies.

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre [http://www.internal-displacement.org/]
Launched by the Norwegian Refugee Council, the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre integrates and reports on information and statistics associated with IDPs worldwide. The site contains a database that provides background, factual, analytical, and cultural information on IDPs in selected countries. Information on their Global IDP Training Project, links to related organizations, and a listing of their publications are also provided.

Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) [http://www.irinnews.org]
Another strong UN website, this time from the Integrated Regional Information Network. IRIN, a unit of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, provides information about sub-Saharan Africa and the Caucasus and Central Asia from a regional perspective, to foster greater awareness and understanding of regional issues and events and to contribute to better-informed and more effective humanitarian action and media coverage, including emergency preparedness and advocacy. The site provides daily and weekly humanitarian news updates, archived by country and date. For those looking for specific information about food or other issues, the site has a home page link to the Relief Web search engine, which finds articles from IRIN and similar news sources and services.

Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) [http://www.msf.org/]
MSF is an international humanitarian aid organisation that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in more than 80 countries

Nutrition Information in Crisis Situations (NICS) [http://www.unscn.org/Publications/html/rnis.html]
The Nutrition Information in Crisis Situations (NICS) Series (formerly RNIS) site features quarterly reports on the nutrition situation of refugee and displaced populations in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. It is an activity of the ACC/SNN which is the focal point for harmonizing the policies and activities in nutrition of the entire UN system.

ReliefWeb [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc100?OpenForm]
ReliefWeb provides time-critical humanitarian information on Complex Emergencies and Natural Disasters.

The SPHERE Project Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response [http://www.sphereproject.org/]
The Sphere Project was launched in 1997 by a group of humanitarian NGOs and the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement. Sphere is based on two core beliefs: first, that all possible steps should be taken to alleviate human suffering arising out of calamity and conflict, and second, that those affected by disaster have a right to life with dignity and therefore a right to assistance. Sphere is three things: a handbook, a broad process of collaboration and an expression of commitment to quality and accountability.

Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) [http://www.smartindicators.org/] is a U.S. inter-agency global initiative to improve the reporting, monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian assistance interventions. This initiative aims to provide implementing partners and the broader humanitarian community with a range of tools to support humanitarian program assessment.

UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund [http://www.unicef.org/]
UNICEF is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to advocate for the protection of children's rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential. UNICEF is guided by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and strives to establish children's rights as enduring ethical principles and international standards of behaviour towards children.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home]
Excellent website from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, who is mandated by the United Nations to lead and coordinate international action for the world-wide protection of refugees and the resolution of refugee problems. The World section provides map- and text-based access to country-specific information about refugees and their states of origin. The Statistics and Issues sections are also useful, but specific information about food issues is difficult to find because the site lacks its own search engine. The Official UN Web Site locator at the bottom of the home page, however, has a link to UNIONS, the easy-to-use search system for all on-line UN organizations.

United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN) [http://www.unscn.org]
The United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition is the focal point for harmonizing the policies and activities on nutrition of the UN system. Its role is to serve as a coordinating mechanism, for exchange of information and technical guidance, and to act dynamically to help the UN respond to nutritional problems. The site provides links to SCN news and reports on nutrition worldwide.

USAID Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) [http://www.fews.net/]
The Goal of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) is to strengthen the abilities of African countries and regional organizations to manage risk of food insecurity through the provision of timely and analytical early warning and vulnerability information. FEWS NET is a USAID-funded activity that collaborates with international, national, and regional partners to provide timely and rigorous early warning and vulnerability information on emerging or evolving food security issues.

USAID Humanitarian Response [http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/]
The Humanitarian Response section has information about USAID’s Title II, Title III and International Disaster Assistance Programs, information about specific country missions, situation reports and strategy papers, and a searchable Commodities Reference Guide. This Guide contains detailed fact sheets and information about the availability and characteristics of 28 different food commodities, storage and shelf life specifications, and how to control damage to these food commodities. The homepage also has links to USAID’s Office of Food for Peace and Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance.

USAID Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) [http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/]
The Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance assesses the need for US assistance in foreign disasters. OFDA works with USAID Missions to provide grants and field assistance through US Embassies and non-governmental and international organizations. OFDA also sponsors the development of early warning system technology and training programs to strengthen the ability of foreign governments to rely on their own resources. The website has reports on recent disasters, training information, and links to other resources.

Valid International [http://www.validinternational.org] is a United Kingdom-based consulting firm focusing on operational research in emergency situations.

World Food Program (WFP) [http://www.wfp.org/]
A useful website from the frontline food aid organization of the United Nations. The world's largest international food aid organization, the World Food Program buys goods and services from developing countries in an effort to spur their economies, and focuses in particular on efforts to help women, children and the elderly. The site features reports and newsletters on policy themes such as gender issues, and the homepage also has links to detailed information about WFP’s emergency operations and development projects, resources and appeals, country strategy outlines, situation reports and evaluations and studies. The site also has a large database of WFP statistics on projects, resources, global food aid and procurement.

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